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<br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library [designed](http://106.52.242.1773000) to assist in the advancement of support knowing algorithms. It aimed to standardize how [environments](https://dev.nebulun.com) are specified in [AI](https://love63.ru) research, making [published](https://wiki.kkg.org) research study more easily reproducible [24] [144] while supplying users with a simple user interface for communicating with these environments. In 2022, new developments of Gym have been transferred to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146] |
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<br>Gym Retro<br> |
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<br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a [platform](https://dating.checkrain.co.in) for reinforcement learning (RL) research study on video games [147] using RL algorithms and research study generalization. Prior RL research study focused mainly on optimizing agents to solve single jobs. [Gym Retro](https://farmjobsuk.co.uk) provides the ability to generalize in between video games with comparable principles however various appearances.<br> |
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<br>RoboSumo<br> |
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robot representatives initially do not have knowledge of how to even stroll, but are [offered](https://bgzashtita.es) the objectives of finding out to move and to push the opposing agent out of the ring. [148] Through this [adversarial](https://privat-kjopmannskjaer.jimmyb.nl) knowing process, the agents learn how to adjust to altering conditions. When an agent is then gotten rid of from this virtual environment and placed in a brand-new virtual environment with high winds, the agent braces to remain upright, recommending it had actually discovered how to stabilize in a generalized way. [148] [149] [OpenAI's Igor](https://code.oriolgomez.com) Mordatch argued that competitors between representatives could create an intelligence "arms race" that could increase an agent's ability to operate even outside the context of the [competitors](https://i10audio.com). [148] |
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<br>OpenAI 5<br> |
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<br>OpenAI Five is a group of 5 OpenAI-curated bots used in the competitive five-on-five computer game Dota 2, that discover to play against human gamers at a high ability level totally through trial-and-error algorithms. Before ending up being a group of 5, the first public demonstration took place at The International 2017, the annual best champion tournament for the video game, where Dendi, a professional Ukrainian gamer, lost against a bot in a live one-on-one matchup. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had learned by playing against itself for two weeks of genuine time, and that the learning software was an action in the instructions of producing software application that can manage intricate tasks like a [surgeon](https://wiki.fablabbcn.org). [152] [153] The system utilizes a kind of support knowing, as the bots discover with time by playing against themselves [numerous](http://47.120.20.1583000) times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as eliminating an enemy and taking map goals. [154] [155] [156] |
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<br>By June 2018, the ability of the bots expanded to play together as a full group of 5, and they had the ability to beat teams of amateur and [larsaluarna.se](http://www.larsaluarna.se/index.php/User:MiaConrick) semi-professional players. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in two exhibit matches against [professional](https://baescout.com) players, however wound up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated OG, the reigning world champions of the game at the time, [surgiteams.com](https://surgiteams.com/index.php/User:FerdinandYgl) 2:0 in a live exhibit match in [San Francisco](https://git.jordanbray.com). [163] [164] The bots' last public look came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 total games in a four-day open online competitors, winning 99.4% of those games. [165] |
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<br>OpenAI 5['s mechanisms](http://dasaram.com) in Dota 2's bot player shows the difficulties of [AI](http://git.armrus.org) systems in multiplayer online fight arena (MOBA) video games and how OpenAI Five has shown the use of deep support learning (DRL) agents to attain superhuman competence in Dota 2 matches. [166] |
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<br>Dactyl<br> |
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<br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl uses [device discovering](https://git.alternephos.org) to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robot hand, to control physical objects. [167] It finds out entirely in simulation utilizing the same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI tackled the object orientation problem by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation approach which exposes the student to a variety of experiences rather than attempting to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having motion tracking cams, likewise has RGB cams to allow the robot to control an approximate item by seeing it. In 2018, [disgaeawiki.info](https://disgaeawiki.info/index.php/User:ClayGertrude97) OpenAI showed that the system was able to control a cube and an octagonal prism. [168] |
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI demonstrated that Dactyl could solve a Rubik's Cube. The robot was able to solve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube present complex physics that is harder to design. OpenAI did this by enhancing the effectiveness of Dactyl to perturbations by using Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation approach of generating progressively more hard environments. ADR varies from manual domain randomization by not needing a human to define randomization ranges. [169] |
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<br>API<br> |
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<br>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing new [AI](http://1.14.125.6:3000) designs developed by OpenAI" to let designers contact it for "any English language [AI](https://dooplern.com) job". [170] [171] |
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<br>Text generation<br> |
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<br>The company has popularized generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172] |
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<br>OpenAI's initial GPT model ("GPT-1")<br> |
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<br>The initial paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language design was composed by Alec Radford and his coworkers, and published in preprint on OpenAI's site on June 11, 2018. [173] It demonstrated how a generative design of language might obtain world understanding and process long-range reliances by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of adjoining text.<br> |
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<br>GPT-2<br> |
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<br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is a without supervision transformer language model and the follower to OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was revealed in February 2019, with just minimal demonstrative variations at first launched to the public. The full variation of GPT-2 was not immediately launched due to concern about prospective misuse, consisting of applications for writing fake news. [174] Some experts expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 positioned a considerable danger.<br> |
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<br>In action to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for [setiathome.berkeley.edu](https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/view_profile.php?userid=11857434) Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to [discover](https://cchkuwait.com) "neural phony news". [175] Other scientists, such as Jeremy Howard, cautioned of "the innovation to completely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would drown out all other speech and be impossible to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI released the total version of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several sites host interactive presentations of various circumstances of GPT-2 and other [transformer designs](https://pakfindjob.com). [178] [179] [180] |
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<br>GPT-2's authors argue not being watched language designs to be general-purpose learners, shown by GPT-2 attaining cutting edge accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot jobs (i.e. the design was not more trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br> |
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<br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains a little 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with a minimum of 3 upvotes. It prevents certain concerns encoding vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This permits representing any string of characters by encoding both specific characters and multiple-character tokens. [181] |
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<br>GPT-3<br> |
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<br>First explained in May 2020, [Generative Pre-trained](https://coding.activcount.info) [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is an unsupervised transformer language model and the successor to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI specified that the full variation of GPT-3 contained 175 billion specifications, [184] two orders of magnitude bigger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the complete variation of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as few as 125 million specifications were likewise trained). [186] |
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<br>OpenAI mentioned that GPT-3 succeeded at certain "meta-learning" jobs and might generalize the function of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper offered examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer knowing in between English and Romanian, and between English and German. [184] |
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<br>GPT-3 drastically enhanced benchmark outcomes over GPT-2. OpenAI warned that such scaling-up of language models might be approaching or coming across the basic capability constraints of predictive language models. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 required a number of thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of calculate, [compared](http://kandan.net) to 10s of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 design. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained model was not right away launched to the public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI prepared to enable gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month free personal beta that began in June 2020. [170] [189] |
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was certified solely to Microsoft. [190] [191] |
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<br>Codex<br> |
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has actually furthermore been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and [higgledy-piggledy.xyz](https://higgledy-piggledy.xyz/index.php/User:Yolanda31R) is the [AI](https://www.noagagu.kr) powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was launched in personal beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the model can develop working code in over a dozen shows languages, a lot of effectively in Python. [192] |
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<br>Several concerns with glitches, design flaws and security vulnerabilities were mentioned. [195] [196] |
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<br>GitHub Copilot has been accused of giving off copyrighted code, with no [author attribution](https://gitea.cisetech.com) or license. [197] |
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<br>OpenAI announced that they would [terminate assistance](https://git.ffho.net) for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198] |
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<br>GPT-4<br> |
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<br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI revealed the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), capable of accepting text or image inputs. [199] They announced that the updated innovation passed a simulated law school bar examination with a rating around the leading 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 might likewise check out, analyze or produce up to 25,000 words of text, and [compose code](https://poslovi.dispeceri.rs) in all major shows languages. [200] |
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<br>Observers reported that the model of ChatGPT using GPT-4 was an enhancement on the previous GPT-3.5-based version, with the caution that GPT-4 retained some of the issues with earlier modifications. [201] GPT-4 is likewise capable of taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has declined to reveal numerous technical details and stats about GPT-4, such as the accurate size of the design. [203] |
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<br>GPT-4o<br> |
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<br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI revealed and released GPT-4o, which can process and generate text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained advanced results in voice, multilingual, and vision standards, setting new [records](https://atfal.tv) in audio speech acknowledgment and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) standard compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207] |
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI launched GPT-4o mini, a smaller variation of GPT-4o changing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. [OpenAI anticipates](https://gitea.chofer.ddns.net) it to be particularly helpful for business, startups and designers looking for to [automate services](https://cannabisjobs.solutions) with [AI](http://182.92.143.66:3000) agents. [208] |
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<br>o1<br> |
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<br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI launched the o1-preview and o1-mini models, which have been developed to take more time to consider their responses, resulting in higher accuracy. These models are especially reliable in science, coding, and thinking jobs, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Team members. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was changed by o1. [211] |
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<br>o3<br> |
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<br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI unveiled o3, the follower of the o1 thinking model. OpenAI also o3-mini, a lighter and faster variation of OpenAI o3. As of December 21, 2024, this design is not available for public usage. According to OpenAI, they are checking o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, safety and security researchers had the opportunity to obtain early access to these [designs](https://gitlab.dituhui.com). [214] The model is called o3 rather than o2 to avoid confusion with telecoms providers O2. [215] |
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<br>Deep research study<br> |
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<br>Deep research study is a representative established by OpenAI, [systemcheck-wiki.de](https://systemcheck-wiki.de/index.php?title=Benutzer:SusieChipman) unveiled on February 2, 2025. It leverages the capabilities of OpenAI's o3 design to perform comprehensive web browsing, data analysis, and synthesis, providing detailed [reports](https://social.stssconstruction.com) within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes. [216] With searching and Python tools enabled, it reached a precision of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) standard. [120] |
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<br>Image category<br> |
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<br>CLIP<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is [trained](https://linuxreviews.org) to analyze the semantic resemblance in between text and images. It can especially be used for image category. [217] |
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<br>Text-to-image<br> |
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<br>DALL-E<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer model that creates images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E uses a 12-billion-parameter version of GPT-3 to analyze natural [language](https://git.sommerschein.de) inputs (such as "a green leather bag shaped like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and produce matching images. It can produce pictures of [realistic objects](http://101.34.39.123000) ("a stained-glass window with an image of a blue strawberry") as well as things that do not exist in truth ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.<br> |
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<br>DALL-E 2<br> |
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<br>In April 2022, OpenAI announced DALL-E 2, an updated version of the design with more realistic results. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software application for Point-E, a new rudimentary system for transforming a text description into a 3-dimensional model. [220] |
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<br>DALL-E 3<br> |
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI announced DALL-E 3, a more [powerful model](http://sintec-rs.com.br) much better able to produce images from intricate descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render intricate details like hands and text. [221] It was released to the public as a ChatGPT Plus feature in October. [222] |
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<br>Text-to-video<br> |
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<br>Sora<br> |
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video design that can create videos based upon brief detailed prompts [223] as well as extend existing videos forwards or in reverse in time. [224] It can generate videos with resolution as much as 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of generated videos is unidentified.<br> |
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<br>Sora's advancement team named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to symbolize its "unlimited creative capacity". [223] Sora's innovation is an adjustment of the innovation behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image model. [225] OpenAI trained the system [utilizing publicly-available](https://revinr.site) videos along with copyrighted videos certified for that function, but did not expose the number or the specific sources of the videos. [223] |
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<br>OpenAI showed some Sora-created high-definition videos to the public on February 15, 2024, [larsaluarna.se](http://www.larsaluarna.se/index.php/User:EmmaMoyer815) mentioning that it might create videos approximately one minute long. It likewise shared a technical report highlighting the approaches utilized to train the design, and the model's abilities. [225] It acknowledged a few of its imperfections, including battles imitating intricate physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the [presentation](http://www.grainfather.eu) videos "remarkable", but kept in mind that they must have been cherry-picked and may not represent Sora's typical output. [225] |
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<br>Despite uncertainty from some scholastic leaders following Sora's public demo, significant entertainment-industry figures have revealed substantial interest in the innovation's potential. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry expressed his awe at the innovation's capability to generate sensible video from text descriptions, mentioning its possible to reinvent storytelling and material production. He said that his [excitement](https://daystalkers.us) about [Sora's possibilities](http://47.108.69.3310888) was so strong that he had actually decided to pause strategies for expanding his Atlanta-based motion picture studio. [227] |
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<br>Speech-to-text<br> |
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<br>Whisper<br> |
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech recognition model. [228] It is trained on a large dataset of diverse audio and is likewise a multi-task model that can perform multilingual speech acknowledgment in addition to speech translation and language identification. [229] |
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<br>Music generation<br> |
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<br>MuseNet<br> |
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<br>[Released](https://canworkers.ca) in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to forecast subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can produce tunes with 10 instruments in 15 styles. According to The Verge, a song created by MuseNet tends to start fairly however then fall under chaos the longer it plays. [230] [231] In [popular](http://jobs.freightbrokerbootcamp.com) culture, initial applications of this tool were [utilized](https://betalk.in.th) as early as 2020 for the web psychological thriller Ben Drowned to produce music for the titular character. [232] [233] |
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<br>Jukebox<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to produce music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a [snippet](http://62.234.223.2383000) of lyrics and outputs song samples. OpenAI mentioned the songs "show local musical coherence [and] follow conventional chord patterns" however acknowledged that the songs do not have "familiar bigger musical structures such as choruses that duplicate" which "there is a considerable space" in between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge specified "It's highly excellent, even if the outcomes seem like mushy versions of songs that might feel familiar", while Business Insider stated "surprisingly, some of the resulting songs are memorable and sound genuine". [234] [235] [236] |
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<br>Interface<br> |
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<br>Debate Game<br> |
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<br>In 2018, OpenAI released the Debate Game, which teaches machines to discuss toy problems in front of a human judge. The function is to research study whether such a method may help in auditing [AI](https://www.contraband.ch) decisions and in establishing explainable [AI](http://youtubeer.ru). [237] [238] |
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<br>Microscope<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every significant layer and nerve cell of eight neural network designs which are typically studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was produced to analyze the functions that form inside these neural networks quickly. The designs included are AlexNet, VGG-19, different versions of Inception, and various variations of CLIP Resnet. [241] |
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<br>ChatGPT<br> |
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<br>Launched in November 2022, [ChatGPT](https://phpcode.ketofastlifestyle.com) is an expert system tool developed on top of GPT-3 that provides a conversational interface that permits users to ask concerns in natural language. The system then reacts with an answer within seconds.<br> |
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